Trastorno de conducta alimentaria en adolescentes transgénero: modelo de intervención especializado / Eating disorders in adolescents with gender incongruence: review and specialized intervention mode

Las (os, es) adolescentes transgénero presentan trastorno de conducta alimentaria (TCA) entre otras condiciones asociadas y debe ser comprendida e intervenida adecuadamente por las(os) profesionales, ya que de lo contrario puede llevar a agravar la salud mental de esta población adolescente. MÉTODOS: Se realiza revisión de la literatura publicada en revistas científicas indexadas en PUBMED y Google Académico entre los años 2015 y 2021. RESULTADOS: Existen escasas publicaciones de esta co-ocurrencia en la literatura internacional e inexistente a nivel nacional, además de que no se describen modelos especializados de intervención. Como aspecto central de esta co-ocurrencia emerge la insatisfacción corporal con el desarrollo de los caracteres sexuales secundarios. Se observan diferencias en la presentación del TCA en mujer trans y hombre trans. Existen factores de riesgo a la base, particularmente estrés de minorías y factores protectores como el apoyo familiar. Se propone y describe un modelo de estadios, enfocado en la prevención, particularmente en los primeros signos de insatisfacción corporal. Un estadio de intervención que incorpora principalmente tratamiento médico afirmativo, el cual favorece la disminución de la insatisfacción corporal y finalmente como una última etapa el seguimiento de logros y apoyo en recaídas. CONCLUSIONES: En la evaluación e intervención es importante detectar a tiempo en la etapa puberal, incorporar tratamiento afirmativo médico, apoyar en factores protectores y de riesgo, no visualizar al TCA en esta población como una comorbilidad patológica y realizar seguimiento de recaídas.

Transgender adolescents present eating disorders (ED), among other associated conditions, and professionals must suitably understand and intervene; otherwise, this can worsen the mental health of this adolescent population. METHODS: Review of the literature published in scientific journals indexed in PUBMED and Google Scholar, between 2015 and 2021. RESULTS: There is a limited number of publications on this co-occurrence in the international literature and none whatsoever domestically, while those found do not describe specialized intervention models. Body dissatisfaction, with the development of secondary sexual features, emerges as a core aspect of this co-occurrence. Differences are observed in the presentation of EDs in trans men and trans women. There are base risk factors, particularly minority stress, and protective factors, like family support. A model with stages is described and proposed, focused on prevention, particularly for the first signs of body dissatisfaction, with an intervention stage that mainly includes affirmative medical treatment, favoring the reduction of body dissatisfaction; and finally, the last stage monitors achievements and gives support when facing relapses. CONCLUSIONS: Both in the evaluation and intervention, it is important to detect this early, in puberty, to incorporate affirmative medical treatment, to give support for protective and risk factors, without labeling EDs as a comorbid pathology, and to carry out a follow-up on relapses.

Evolución y tratamiento de los trastornos de la conducta alimentaria en adolescentes: serie de casos / Treatment of eating disorders in adolescents: case series

Los trastornos de la conducta alimentaria son enfermedades de elevada prevalencia en la adolescencia y tienen repercusión en la salud integral. El objetivo fue describir su evolución y tratamiento en un grupo de adolescentes. Se estudiaron adolescentes menores de 18 años con al menos 6 meses de seguimiento y tratados por un equipo interdisciplinario. Se incluyeron 41 adolescentes: 23 presentaron anorexia nerviosa; 9, trastornos alimentarios no especificados; 7, bulimia nerviosa y 2, trastorno por atracones. El 35 % de pacientes con anorexia nerviosa requirió internación por complicaciones de la desnutrición. El 69 % de las pacientes con anorexia nerviosa, el 57 % de quienes tenían bulimia nerviosa y el 78 % de quienes tenían un trastorno alimentario no especificado presentaron remisión total o parcial, y no hubo pacientes fallecidos. La mayoría presentó una evolución favorable con el tratamiento.

Eating disorders are highly prevalent diseases in adolescence and have an impact on overall health. The objective was to describe the evolution and treatment of eating disorders in adolescents. Adolescents under 18 years of age with at least 6 months of follow-up and treated by an interdisciplinary team were studied. Forty one adolescents were included, 23 presented anorexia nervosa, 9 unspecified eating disorders, 7 bulimia nervosa and 2 binge eating disorders. Thirty five percent of patients with anorexia nervosa required hospitalization for complications of malnutrition. Sixty nine percent of the patients with anorexia nervosa, 57 % with bulimia nervosa, and 78 % with unspecified eating disorders had total or partial remission and there were no deceased patients. The majority presented a favorable evolution with the treatment.

Trastornos de la conducta alimentaria en adolescentes: una mirada integral / Eating disorders in adolescents: a comprehensive approach

Los trastornos de la conducta alimentaria (TCA) son enfermedades muy serias que se inician habitualmente en la adolescencia y en general han ido en aumento en los países en desarrollo. Actualmente, diversos factores obstaculizan su prevención, pesquisa y tratamiento en el país, siendo uno importante la escasez de capacitación de los profesionales de salud en este tema emergente. El objetivo de este artículo es contribuir al conocimiento que poseen los pediatras sobre los TCA en la adolescencia, mediante una revisión actualizada de la literatura en el tema. En esta publicación se abordan la principal clasificación internacional de los TCA en uso en la literatura científica actual y la epidemiología, etiología, el impacto en la salud integral, la presentación clínica y el tratamiento de los TCA más frecuentes en la adolescencia.

Eating disorders (ED) are very serious diseases that usually begin in adolescence and have, in general, been increasing in developing countries. In the country, there are currently several fac tors that hinder their prevention, detection, and treatment, where the lack of training of health professionals in this emerging issue appears as an important one. The purpose of this article is to contribute to the knowledge that pediatricians have about ED in adolescence, through an updated review of the literature on the subject. This publication addresses the main internatio nal classification of ED in use in the current scientific literature and the epidemiology, etiology, impact on comprehensive health, clinical presentation, and treatment of the most common ED in adolescence.

Trastornos de la conducta alimentaria en adolescentes: rol del pediatra: recomendaciones de la Rama de Adolescencia de la Sociedad Chilena de Pediatría / Eating disorders in adolescents: role of the pediatrician: recommendations of the Adolescence Branch of the Chilean Society of Pediatrics

Los trastornos de la conducta alimentaria (TCA) han adquirido relevancia en la pediatría chilena. Su tratamiento debe ser realizado, de preferencia, por equipos multidisciplinarios especializados o con alto grado de capacitación en la problemática. Sin embargo, los pediatras generales tienen un rol fundamental tanto en la prevención como en la pesquisa temprana de estas patologías. El objetivo de esta publicación es proporcionarles recomendaciones prácticas sobre las intervenciones que pueden llevar a cabo durante la atención de adolescentes, para la prevención de los TCA, la pesquisa precoz y evaluación de quienes ya los presentan, y su derivación oportuna a tratamiento especializado.

Eating disorders (ED) have become relevant in Chilean pediatrics. Their treatment must be prefe rably carried out by multidisciplinary teams with specialty or a high degree of training in the pro blem. However, general pediatricians have a fundamental role both in the prevention and in the early detection of these pathologies. The purpose of this publication is to provide them with practical recommendations on interventions that can be carried out during adolescent care for the prevention of ED, the early detection and evaluation of those who already have them, and their timely referral to specialized treatment.

Trastornos de la alimentación en pacientes hospitalizados en un Servicio de Salud Mental Pediátrico / Eating behavior disorders in patients hospitalized in a Mental Health Service

INTRODUCTION: Los trastornos de la alimentación e ingesta (TAI) tienen una elevada prevalencia durante la adolescencia, asociándose a alta morbimortalidad. En nuestro país no existen datos que caractericen a los adolescentes con TAI que requieren hospitalización. OBJETIVO: Describir y analizar las hospitaliza ciones debidas a TAI en niños y adolescentes en un Servicio de Salud Mental Pediátrico (SSMP). PACIENTES Y MÉTODO: Se recolectaron los datos de los registros clínicos de pacientes con TAI hospitalizados en el SSMP del Hospital Roberto del Río entre 2005-2015. Se estudiaron las variables de ingreso: motivo de hospitalización, tipo de TAI, estado nutricional, repercusión sistémica y variables sicosociales (comorbilidades siquiátricas, funcionamiento de la familia, abuso e ideación/intento suicida). Para la comparación de variables cuantitativas entre grupos se utilizó el test t-Student y para variables categóricas chi-cuadrado o Test Fisher. RESULTADOS: Se incluyeron 93 pacientes, me diana de edad 14,6 años, 84% género femenino. El diagnóstico más frecuente fue anorexia nerviosa (AN) (71%) y la causa más frecuente de hospitalización fue el fracaso del tratamiento ambulatorio, seguido por ideación/intento suicida. Al ingreso, 40% de los pacientes presentaban déficit nutricio nal, 96% comorbilidad psiquiátrica y 88% disfunción familiar. CONCLUSIÓN: La AN fue el TAI más frecuente dentro de los pacientes hospitalizados y el fracaso del tratamiento ambulatorio el principal motivo de ingreso. Esto último podría ser explicado, en parte, por la alta prevalencia de disfunción familiar y comorbilidad psiquiátrica de los pacientes y su familia, que estaría complicando el trata miento ambulatorio.

INTRODUCTION: Eating disorders (ED) have a high prevalence during adolescence, associated with high morbidity and mortality. In our country, there are no data that characterize adolescent inpatients with ED. OBJECTIVE: To describe and analyze hospitalizations of children and adolescents due to ED admitted in a Pediatric Mental Health Service (PMHS). PATIENTS AND METHOD: Data were collected from the clinical record of patients with ED hospitalized in the PMHS of the Hospital Roberto del Río during 2005-2015. The following admission variables were studied: cause for hospitalization, ED type, nu tritional status, systemic involvement, and psychosocial variables (psychiatric comorbidities, family functioning, abuse, and suicide ideation/attempt). The t-Student test was used for quantitative varia bles and the chi-square or Fisher Test for qualitative variables for the comparison between groups. RESULTS: 93 patients were included, with an average age of 14.6 years, 84% of them were women. The most frequent diagnosis was anorexia nervosa (AN) (71%) and the most frequent cause for hospita lization was the failure of outpatient treatment, followed by suicide ideation/attempt. At admission, 40% of the patients had malnutrition, 96% psychiatric comorbidity, and 88% family dysfunction. CONCLUSION: AN was the most frequent ED among inpatients and the failure of outpatient treatment was the main cause for hospitalization. The latter could be explained, in part, by the high prevalence of family dysfunction and psychiatric comorbidity of patients and their families which would com plicate outpatient treatment.

Disfagia pediátrica: rol del fonoaudiólogo como parte de un equipo interdisciplinario en el Hospital Juan P. Garrahan / Dysphagia in children: The role of the speech therapist in the interdisciplinary team of Hospital Juan P. Garrahan

Introducción: El 80% de los niños con condiciones médicas crónicas complejas presentan alteración de la conducta alimentaria. Dada la heterogeneidad de los diagnósticos y la complejidad en el manejo de la disfagia pediátrica, es muy importante la intervención de equipos especializados. Objetivo: Evaluación de la evolución de los niños con trastornos de la deglución y/o conducta alimentaria atendidos durante el año 2017 por el equipo interdisciplinario de deglución y conducta alimentaria, del Hospital de Pediatría Juan P. Garrahan. Material y métodos: Estudio analítico, prospectivo y longitudinal con la intervención de un equipo interdisciplinario. Se incluyeron todos los pacientes evaluados durante el año 2017. Se realizó evaluación clínica de la deglución que permitió detectar dificultades durante el momento de la alimentación. Se dieron pautas de estimulación y modificación de consistencias y se derivó a tratamiento oportuno. Se midió porcentaje de destete de soporte nutricional (SN) y/o aumento del aporte por vía oral. Resultados: evaluamos 153 pacientes, 39% mujeres, 90% menores de 3 años de edad y el 75% en apoyo nutricional. El 72% presentó trastorno de la deglución exclusivamente o asociado a trastorno de la conducta alimentaria. El 68% fue seguido en más de una oportunidad. El 36% de los pacientes que ingresaron con requerimiento de SN lograron el destete (sin diferencia significativa entre los que tenían o no trastorno deglutorio p=0.85 y los que tenían o no traqueostomía p=0,88) y 40% aumentó el aporte por vía oral dentro del grupo que no logró el destete. Se observó una diferencia estadísticamente significativa en el destete de los pacientes que concurrieron al espacio de la clínica con respecto a los que no(p=0,016) y mayor tiempo de intervención entre quienes lograron el destete y quienes no, 5,2 ± 3,1 vs 3,45 ± 3,1 meses (p=0,0099). Conclusión: Es esencial el trabajo interdisciplinario y especializado en niños con trastornos de la deglución. La intervención del fonoaudiólogo como parte del equipo es fundamental para una detección precoz y correcto abordaje de la disfagia (AU)

Of all children with chronic complex medical conditions, 80% have eating behavior disorders. Given the heterogeneity of the diagnoses and the complexity of the management of dysphagia in children, intervention of a specialized medical team is essential. Objective: Evaluation of the outcome in children with swallowing and/or eating behavior disorders seen during 2017 by the interdisciplinary group of swallowing and eating behavior disorders at Hospital de Pediatría Juan P. Garrahan. Material and methods: An analytical, prospective and longitudinal study with intervention by an interdisciplinary team. All patients evaluated during 2017 were included. Swallowing was clinically assessed to identify eating disorders. Indications were given for stimulation and food consistency and patients were referred for adequate treatment. The rates of weaning from nutritional support (NS) and/or increase of oral food intake were measured. Results: 153 patients were evaluated, 39% were female, 90% younger than 3 years of age, and 75% AN. Overall, 72% had swallowing difficulties only or associated with an eating behavior disorder; 68% was followed on more than one occasion. Thirty-six percent of the patients who were admitted with NS requirement could be weaned (without a significant difference between those who had a swallowing disorder and those who did not p=0.85 and those that did and did not have a tracheostomy p=0.88) and oral food intake increased in 40% of the patients in the group that could not be weaned. A statistically significant difference was found in the weaning of patients who attended the clinic and those who did not (p=0.016) and longer intervention time between those who could be weaned and those who could not, 5.2 ± 3.1 vs 3.45 ± 3.1 months (p=0.0099). Conclusion: Interdisciplinary and specialized care is necessary for children with swallowing disorders. Intervention of a speech therapist as part of the team is fundamental for the early detection and adequate management of dysphagia (AU)

Transtornos psiquiátricos na medicina estética: a importância do reconhecimento de sinais e sintomas / Psychiatric disorders in aesthetic medicine: the importance of recognizing signs and symptoms

Transtornos psiquiátricos são amplamente evidenciados em pacientes que buscam tratamentos estéticos. Apesar de não configurarem necessariamente uma contraindicação para a realização de procedimentos, o reconhecimento desses sintomas pelo profissional tende a contribuir para o fortalecimento da relação profissional-paciente e para um melhor prognóstico, reduzindo as chances de insatisfação, complicações e agravos nos sintomas psiquiátricos, além de evitar complicações legais. No presente artigo, os transtornos psiquiátricos mais comuns no domínio cosmético e estético foram apresentados e discutidos, assim como as orientações para o reconhecimento de sintomas e de manuseio destes pacientes por profissionais de saúde.

Psychiatric disorders are widely reported in patients seeking aesthetic treatments. Although they are not necessarily a contraindication for procedures, the recognition of these symptoms by the professional tends to strengthen the professional-patient relationship, thus leading to a better prognosis. This reduces the chances of dissatisfaction, complications, and aggravation of psychiatric symptoms, in addition to avoiding legal complications. In this article, the most common psychiatric disorders arising in cosmetic and aesthetic treatment are presented and discussed, as well as guidelines for recognizing the symptoms and managing these patients.

Night eating syndrome: How to treat it? / Síndrome do comer noturno: como tratar?

Summary Night eating syndrome (NES) is characterized by caloric intake ≥ 25% of total daily after dinner and/or by two or more weekly nocturnal awakenings accompanied by food ingestion. Causes of NES are not entirely clear and seem to involve a desynchronization between the circadian rhythms of food ingestion and sleep, resulting in a delayed pattern of food intake. Estimates of the prevalence of NES in the general population are around 1.5%, and although much higher frequencies have been described in obese individuals, a causal relationship between NES and obesity is not clearly established. Since the first NES reports, several treatment modalities have been proposed, although, in many cases, the evidence is still insufficient and there is no consensus on the ideal approach. In order to conduct a critical review of proposed treatments for NES since its original description, a systematic search of articles published in journals indexed in Medline/Pubmed database in the period 1955-2015 was performed. Seventeen articles addressing non-pharmacological and pharmacological therapies met the selection criteria. Based on the articles analyzed, we conclude that serotonergic agents and psychological interventions, particularly cognitive behavioral therapy, have been shown to be effective for the treatment of NES. A combination of non-pharmacological and pharmacological therapies must be considered in future studies on the treatment of these patients.

Resumo A síndrome do comer noturno (SCN) caracteriza-se por ingestão calórica ≥ 25% do total diário após o jantar e/ou por dois ou mais despertares noturnos semanais acompanhados de alimentação. As causas da SCN não estão totalmente esclarecidas e parecem envolver uma dessincronização entre os ritmos circadianos de alimentação e sono, resultando em um atraso do padrão alimentar. Estimativas da prevalência de SCN na população geral estão em torno de 1,5% e, embora frequências bem mais elevadas tenham sido descritas em obesos, uma relação de causalidade entre SCN e obesidade não está claramente estabelecida. Desde os primeiros relatos da SCN, várias modalidades de tratamento têm sido propostas, embora, em muitos casos, a evidência ainda seja insuficiente e não exista um consenso sobre a abordagem ideal. Com o objetivo de realizar uma revisão crítica dos tratamentos propostos para a SCN, desde sua descrição original, foi realizada uma busca sistemática de artigos publicados nos periódicos indexados na base de dados MedLine / Pubmed entre 1955 e 2015. Dezessete artigos, abordando terapias não farmacológicas ou farmacológicas, preencheram os critérios de seleção. Com base nos artigos analisados, conclui-se que os agentes serotonérgicos e intervenções psicológicas, particularmente, a terapia cognitivo-comportamental, têm mostrado eficácia no tratamento da SCN. Uma combinação de terapias não farmacológicas e farmacológicas precisa ser considerada em estudos futuros sobre o tratamento desses pacientes.

Effectiveness of psychosocial interventions in eating disorders: an overview of Cochrane systematic reviews / Efetividade de intervenções psicossociais em transtornos alimentares: um panorama das revisões sistemáticas Cochrane

ABSTRACT Eating disorders are psychiatric conditions originated from and perpetuated by individual, family and sociocultural factors. The psychosocial approach to treatment and prevention of relapse is crucial. To present an overview of the scientific evidence on effectiveness of psychosocial interventions in treatment of eating disorders. All systematic reviews published by the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews - Cochrane Library on the topic were included. Afterwards, as from the least recent date of these reviews (2001), an additional search was conducted at PubMed with sensitive search strategy and with the same keywords used. A total of 101 primary studies and 30 systematic reviews (5 Cochrane systematic reviews), meta-analysis, guidelines or narrative reviews of literature were included. The main outcomes were: symptomatic remission, body image, cognitive distortion, psychiatric comorbidity, psychosocial functioning and patient satisfaction. The cognitive behavioral approach was the most effective treatment, especially for bulimia nervosa, binge eating disorder and the night eating syndrome. For anorexia nervosa, the family approach showed greater effectiveness. Other effective approaches were interpersonal psychotherapy, dialectic behavioral therapy, support therapy and self-help manuals. Moreover, there was an increasing number of preventive and promotional approaches that addressed individual, family and social risk factors, being promising for the development of positive self-image and self-efficacy. Further studies are required to evaluate the impact of multidisciplinary approaches on all eating disorders, as well as the cost-effectiveness of some effective modalities, such as the cognitive behavioral therapy.

RESUMO Transtornos alimentares são doenças psiquiátricas originadas de e perpetuadas por fatores individuais, familiares e socioculturais. A abordagem psicossocial é essencial para o tratamento e a prevenção de recaídas. Apresentar uma visão geral das evidências científicas sobre a efetividade das intervenções psicossociais no tratamento de transtornos alimentares. Foram incluídas todas as revisões sistemáticas publicadas no Banco de Dados de Revisões Sistemáticas da Cochrane Library. Posteriormente, a partir da data menos recente destas revisões (2001), realizou-se uma busca adicional no PubMed, com estratégia de busca sensibilizada e com os mesmos descritores utilizados antes. No total, foram incluídos 101 estudos primários e 30 revisões sistemáticas (5 revisões sistemáticas da Cochrane), metanálises, diretrizes ou revisões narrativas da literatura. Os principais desfechos foram remissão de sintomas, imagem corporal, distorção cognitiva, comorbidade psiquiátrica, funcionamento psicossocial e satisfação do paciente. A abordagem cognitivo-comportamental foi o tratamento mais efetivo, principalmente para bulimia nervosa, transtorno da compulsão alimentar periódica e síndrome do comer noturno. Para anorexia nervosa, a abordagem familiar demonstrou maior efetividade. Outras abordagens efetivas foram psicoterapia interpessoal, terapia comportamental dialética, terapia de apoio e manuais de autoajuda. Além disso, houve um número crescente de abordagens preventivas e promocionais que contemplaram fatores de risco individuais, familiares e sociais, sendo promissoras para o desenvolvimento da autoimagem positiva e autoeficácia. São necessários mais estudos que avaliem o impacto de abordagens multidisciplinares em todos transtornos alimentares, além da relação custo-efetividade de algumas modalidades efetivas, como a terapia cognitivo-comportamental.

Temporomandibular disorders and eating disorders: a literature review / As desordens temporomandibulares e os transtornos alimentares: uma revisão de literatura

INTRODUCTION: Temporomandibular disorders (TMD) and eating disorders (ED) affect function and parafunction of the oral cavity and have high rates of medical and psychological comorbidity. However, little is known about the possible associations between them, and few studies have investigated the existence of such associations. METHODS: A search was conducted on the SciELO, LILACS, and PubMed/MEDLINE databases to find relevant articles written in English and Portuguese. Only studies involving human beings were included, and there was no limit for year of publication. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: There is evidence of the correlation between TMD and ED, but their comorbidity must be better understood. The presence of depressive symptoms is an aggravating factor that must also be taken into account during the diagnosis and treatment of those patients (AU)

INTRODUÇÃO: As disfunções temporomandibulares (DTM) e os transtornos alimentares (TA) envolvem a função e a parafunção da cavidade oral e apresentam altos índices de comorbidade médica e psicológica. No entanto, pouco se sabe sobre as possíveis associações entre essas entidades clínicas, e poucos artigos avaliaram a existência de uma relação elas. MÉTODOS: Uma busca foi realizada nas bases de dados SciELO, LILACS e PubMed/MEDLINE a fim de encontrar artigos relevantes escritos em inglês e português. Apenas estudos envolvendo seres humanos foram incluídos, e não foi estabelecido um limite para ano de publicação. RESULTADOS E CONCLUSÕES: Há evidências da correlação entre DTM e TA, mas essa comorbidade precisa ser melhor compreendida. A presença de sintomas depressivos é um fator agravante que também precisa ser levado em consideração durante o diagnóstico e tratamento desses pacientes (AU)

Avaliação da densidade mineral óssea em adolescentes do sexo feminino com transtorno alimentar / Evaluation of bone mineral density in female adolescents with eating disorders

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a densidade mineral óssea (DMO) lombar em meninas com transtorno alimentar no diagnóstico e após seis meses e um ano de tratamento. SUJEITOS E MÉTODOS: Estudo prospectivo com 35 adolescentes do sexo feminino, portadoras de AN ou TANE acompanhadas por um ano. A densitometria óssea (DO) da coluna lombar L1-L4 pelo método de absorciometria com raios X de dupla energia (DXA) foi realizada no início, após seis meses e um ano de tratamento. RESULTADOS: Houve aumento do peso, da altura e do índice de massa corporal (IMC), progressão da idade óssea (p < 0,001), e 70% das adolescentes com amenorreia secundária restabeleceram os ciclos menstruais. No entanto, não houve diferença significativa do escore Z da DO lombar ao longo de um ano (p = 0,76). CONCLUSÃO: A recuperação da DMO não ocorre ao mesmo tempo em que a restauração do eixo hipotalâmico-hipofisário-gonadal.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate lumbar bone mineral density (BMD) in girls with eating disorders in the beginning of the treatment, at six months, and after one year of treatment. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: This prospective study involved 35 female adolescents with AN or EDNOS treated during one year. Lumbar (L1-L4) bone mineral density by DXA was performed in the beginning of treatment, at six months, and after one year of treatment. RESULTS: There was improvement in weight, length, BMI, bone age (p < 0.001), and 70% of the adolescents with secondary amenorrhea had their menstrual cycles restored. However, the Z-score of lumbar BMD did not show differences during one year of follow-up (p = 0.76). CONCLUSION: The recovery of BMD does not occur together with the restoration of hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis.

Facilitadores de la alianza terapéutica en la anorexia nerviosa: una mirada desde la diada terapeuta-paciente / Facilitators of therapeutic alliance in anorexia nervosa: a look from the therapist-patient dyad

Antecedentes: En el contexto terapéutico de pacientes con anorexia nerviosa, es relevante el establecimiento de la alianza terapéutica (AT). Objetivo: Describir los aspectos identificados como facilitadores del logro de una AT positiva desde la perspectiva de pacientes con anorexia nerviosa y sus respectivas terapeutas. Método: Estudio exploratorio, descriptivo-relacional realizado con metodología cualitativa, cuyo análisis de datos se basó en la Grounded Theory, incluyéndose a dos pacientes anorécticas con sus respectivas terapeutas. Resultados: Las pacientes y sus terapeutas valoraron los siguientes parámetros, respectivamente: 1. Ambiente emocional: la incondicionalidad, el interés genuino y la confianza versus el no enjuiciamiento y mayor disponibilidad; 2. Conductas y actitudes deseables (en la terapeuta): flexibilidad, libertad para hablar y la disponibilidad, (en las pacientes): la necesidad de cambiar y tener recursos; 3. Técnicas valoradas: terapia centrada en recursos (o capacidades), co-participación con el tratamiento, conocer testimonios de otras pacientes, hablar libremente con empatía, chequear constantemente el tratamiento y responsabilizar a la paciente de su terapia. Surge un modelo de facilitadores de la AT que incluye subsistema paciente, subsistema terapeuta, atmósfera relacional y espacio terapéutico con sus características particulares. Conclusiones: La generación de una buena AT es un factor destacable en el éxito del proceso terapéutico que implica una relación consciente y una aceptación recíproca, integrada por las influencias de la díada terapeuta/paciente.

Background: The settlement of a therapeutic alliance (TA) is relevant within the therapeutic context of patients suffering from anorexia nervosa. Objective: To describe the aspects identified as facilitators in order to achieve a positive therapeutic alliance from the perspective of anorexic patients and their a positive therapeutic alliance from the perspective of anorexic patients and their therapists. Method: It was an exploratory, relational-descriptive and qualitative study and its data analysis was based in the Grounded Theory, including two anorectic patients and their in the Grounded Theory, including two anorectic patients and their therapists. Results: Both, patients and therapists valued the following parameters, respectively: 1. Emotional environment: unconditional genuine interest and confidence versus non judgment and higher availability; 2. Desirable behaviors and attitudes (in the therapist): flexibility, freedom of speech and availability, (in patients): to change and to have resources; 3. Valued techniques: centered in resources, co-participation in the treatment, to know testimonies of other patients versus focalization in skills, emphatic freedom of speech, to check the treatment constantly and to make the patient responsible of her therapy. A model of TA facilitators emerges that includes patient subsystem, therapist subsystem, relational atmosphere and therapeutic space with their particular characteristics. Conclusions: The generation of a good TA is a remarkable factor in the success of the therapeutic process that implies a conscious relationship and a reciprocal acceptation integrated by the influences of the therapist/patient dyad.

Estudo da relação entre transtornos alimentares e saúde bucal / Relationship between eating disorders and changes in oral health

Objetivo: apresentar definições, etiologia, características gerais, manifestações bucais e as estratégias de tratamento para as implicações na saúde odontológica de pessoas portadoras dos seguintes transtornos alimentares: anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, vigorexia, ortorexia, PICA, ruminação, transtorno compulsivo alimentar periódico (TCAP) e alcoorexia. Fontes de Dados: Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde (BVS) – Bireme: LILACS, IBECS, MEDLINE e BBO - PubMed, SciELO, Biblioteca Digital Brasileira de Teses e Dissertações (BDTD) e na base Periódicos CAPES. As estratégias de buscas utilizadas incluíram as seguintes palavras: “Transtornos Alimentares, manifestações bucais, anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa e PICA”. Foram selecionadas 46 referências entre os anos de 1991 e 2011 como base para o desenvolvimento do presente trabalho. As principais manifestações bucais relacionadas aos transtornos alimentares relatadas nos artigos estudados foram: cáries, doença periodontal, xerostomia, halitose, queilites, fratura dentária, bruxismo, apertamento dentário, hipersensibilidade dentinária, perimólise, ilhas de amálgama, úlceras e lesões eritematosasna mucosa bucal. Conclusão: O cirurgião dentista deve agir com o intuito de preservar a saúde bucal e a estrutura dental, minimizando os danos que ocorrem na cavidade bucal. Ainda, ser apto a diagnosticar as manifestações associadas às desordens e contribuir para o tratamento completo do indivíduo.

Objective: To provide definitions, etiology, general characteristics, oral manifestations and treatment strategies for dental health implications of people with the following eating disorders: anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, vigorexia, orthorexia, PICA, rumination disorder, compulsive overeating disorder (COD) and drunkorexia. Data Sources: Virtual Health Library (VHL) - Bireme: LILACS, IBECS, MEDLINE and BBO - PubMed, SciELO Brazilian Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations (BDTD) and CAPES database journals. The search strategies used included the following words: "Eating Disorders, oral manifestations, anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa and PICA." Forty-six references were selected between 1991 and 2011 for the development of this study. The main oral manifestations related to eating disorders reported in the articles studied were: caries, periodontal disease, xerostomia, halitosis, cheilitis, fractured teeth, bruxism, clenching, tooth sensitivity, perimolysis, amalgam islands, ulcers and oral erythematous lesions. Conclusion: The dental surgeon must act in order to preserve the oral health and the tooth structure, minimizing the damage that occurs in the oral cavity of people with eating disorders. Moreover, he/she should be able to diagnose oral implications associated with the disorders here presented and contribute for the entire treatment of the patient.

Trastornos de la conducta alimentaria en púberes y adolescentes de ambos sexos con diabetes tipo 1 / Eating disorders in pubertal and adolescent patients of both sexes with type 1 diabetes

Los pacientes diabéticos con trastornos alimentarios (TCA) asociados presentan mal control metabólico y el riesgo aumentado de complicciones microvasculares macrovasculares y mala adherencia al tratamiento. El objetivo de presente estudio fue evaluar la respuesta al tratamiento y describir la evolución de un grupo de pacientes con diabetes tipo 1 que presentaron en el curso del seguimiento trastornos de la conducta alimentaria asociados a su enfermedad de base. Material y método: se incluyeron pacientes púberes y adolescentes de ambos sexos atendidos por diabetes tipo 1 en el servicio de Nutrición en el período comprendido entre marzo 2007 y diciembre 2008 en quienes en el curso de su tratamiento se diagnosticó un trastorno alimentario de acuerdo a los criterios del DSM IV. Se evaluaron variables clínicas, adherencia al tratamiento, comorbilidad psicológica y resultados HbA1c pre y postratamiento. Se describen los lineamientos terapéuticos. Resultados: La prevalencia de diabéticos con alguna forma de TCA constituyo para muestra población el 11 por ciento considerando toda la población y el 20 por ciento si consideramos la poblción de púberes y adolescentes. El 75 por ciento fue clasificado como TCA no especificado mientras el 25 por ciento cumplieron criterio para bulimia nerviosa, siendo los mecanismos utilizados para purgar calorías vómitos, omisión de insulina y actividad física. El 60 por ciento presento comorbiliad psicológica constituyendo la depresión la forma más frecuente. El tratamiento se realizó a través de un equipo interdisciplinario. El 75 por ciento de los pacientes con respuesta favorable. En 22 a 37 se utilizó algún psicofármaco. En el grupo que se mantuvo en tratamiento la HbA1C descendió de un valor inicial pretratamiento de HbA1c 13,4 por ciento más menos 2.4 vs 6 meses postratamiento 10,2 por ciento más menos 2.3 (p<0.00001). Conclusión: La frecuencia de TCA fue similar a la descripta en la literatura con...

Estudio comparativo sobre eficacia terapéutica en trastornos de la alimentación: resultados del nivel clínico-terapéutico / Comparative study on therapeutic efficacy in eating disorders. Outcomes of the clinical-therapeutic leve

El propósito de este estudio fue investigar la eficacia de dos tipos de abordaje psicoterapéutico grupal (Cognitivo-Conductual- GCC y Psicodinámico- GPD) para Trastornos de la Alimentación (Bulimia Nerviosa-BN y Trastorno por Atracón-BED) en una muestra de 26 adolescentes tardías femeninas. Se utilizó un diseño Pre-Post Test, combinado con diseño de Muestras Apareadas en tres niveles de evaluación: Nutricional, Psicométrico y Clínico-terapéutico. En las cinco áreas evaluadas en el Nivel Clínico-terapéutico, se observó que la Adherencia en el GPD fue mayor, ya que 9 de 16 pacientes (56 %) solicitaron continuar con el tratamiento psicoterapéutico mientras que en el GCC sólo lo solicitó una paciente. Los Síntomas en el GPD mejoraron el doble (69%) comparado con el GCC (30%). Los Vínculos intra y extra familiares mejoraron considerablemente en ambas orientaciones (70 % en el GCC y 75% en el GPD). En cuanto a la Calidad de Vida, el 60 % del GCC y 81 % del GPD mejoraron su calidad de vida mientras que en el Funcionamiento Psíquico: 60 % del GCC y 88 % del GPD aumentaron su capacidad de reflexionar sobre sí mismos y su historia. Ambos abordajes terapéuticos resultaron eficaces para abordar estas patologías aunque la evolución fue fluctuante durante el año de tratamiento.

Trastornos de la conducta alimentaria no especificados, síndromes parciales y cuadros subclínicos: una alerta para la atención primaria: [revisión] / Eating disorders not otherwise specified, partial syndromes and subclinical disorders: a warning in primary care: [review]

Eating disorders not otherwise specified are the most common category of eating disorders encountered in routine clinical practice. Their prevalence íluctuates from 2.4 percent to 12.6 percent among female adolescents and up to 60 percent of cases in treatment centres. Binge eating disorder is the most differentiated subtype. Peripuberal period, diabetes mellitus type I, intense and increased physical activity, demographic and psychosociocultural aspects, physical and psychopathological diseases are risk factors. Clinical features, course, outcome and therapeutic approaches are similar to those of full syndromes. From an etiological point ofview, some authors believe that there is a continuum from altered eating behaviors and concerns about body shape and weight to typical anorectic and/or bulimic disorders. Others classify them as subcategories of full or mixed disorders. In conclusión, these conditions are heterogeneous syndromes that need to be reconsidered from both nosological and conceptual perspectives. They also demand an early recognition and treatment and further research about these disorders is required.

Sobrealimentación inducida por la ansiedad, Parte II: un marco de referencia neurocientífico para el desarrollo de técnicas psicoterapéuticas y programas de prevención: [revisión] / Anxiety induced overeating, Part II: a reference framework for the development of psychotherapeutic techniques and prevention programs: [revision]

Los dietantes crónicos (DC) o comedores emocionales presentan un patrón de restricción-sobrealimentación característico. Usualmente, los estados emocionales negativos, especialmente la ansiedad, favorecen la aparición de estas conductas alternantes. En este artículo se revisa un programa de investigación emergente en neurociencia afectiva, bajo el cual se asume que el estilo afectivo vulnerable es un aspecto esencial en la conformación de esta condición. En este contexto, se destaca el rol de las asimetrías funcionales frontales en la organización temporal de la conducta motivada y en la delimitación del estilo afectivo vulnerable del DC. Se describe un conjunto de estudios psicofisiológicos que sustentan esta noción y se presentan cuatro principios fundacionales para el desarrollo de técnicas psicoterapéuticas y programas de prevención. En su conjunto, estos principios enfatizan la importancia del estilo afectivo del DC y el efecto de la diferenciación emocional sobre el control de la conducta alimentaria.

Restrained eaters (RE) or emotional eaters show a prototypical restriction-overeating pattern. Usually, negative emotional states, particularly anxiety, induce the emergence of these alternating behaviors. In this paper, it is reviewed an emergent affective-neuroscience-based research program, under which it is assumed that vulnerable affective style is a key aspect in RE's behavior. In this context, it is highlighted the role of functional frontal asymmetries in temporal organization of motivated behavior and RE's vulnerable affective style. A collection of psychophysiological studies supporting this notion is described and four foundational principles for the development of psychotherapeutic techniques and prevention programs are presented. Taken together, these principles stressed RE's affective style and the effect of emotional differentiation over alimentary behavior control.